 |
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| 22.0
HOUSE OF BARAKSAY |
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1826 -1839 |
Amir Dost Mohammed Khan Baraksay (son of Fhat Khan Barakzay) (First
time): Takes Kabul and proclaims himself Amir. Tries to retake Peshawar
but the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh defeat the attempt. Captures Kandahar
in 1834 from the local government and soon after consolidates his
control over Afghanistan. |
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1837 |
Seige of Herat: Mohammad Shah of Persia lays seige to Herat.
The British fearing Russian intrigue in the seige again enter into
alliances with the leaders of Kandahar and Herat. Seige is broken
by the Alliance. Their envoy Captain Alexander Burnes tries to enter
into an alliance with Barakzay in Kabul, but because they refuse to
assure British support to Dost Mohammad to regain Peshawar, he refuses
to enter into the alliance. |
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25 July 1838 |
Tripartide Alliance: The British feeling a great threat by
the Russians and Persians, and being unable to firm an alliance with
Kabul, form a tripartide alliance between Shah Shoja and his Afghan
forces, Ranjit Singh and his Sikh forces and the British East Orient
Company. |
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1838-1842 |
First Anglo-Afghan War: The British lead the Alliance on
an attack of Afghanistan with the object of restoring Shah Shoja to
power under British influence. Kandahar taken in April 1839, Ghazna
in July 1939 and Kabul in August 1939. Dost Mohammad captured and
sent in exile to India. |
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1839-1840 |
Amir Dost Mohammed Khan Baraksay: Escapes to Balkh and then
to Bukhara where he is arrested. Escapes in 1840 and leads a group
against the British. Surrenders to the British at the Battle of Parwan
in November 1940. British deport him to India. |
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Aug 1839-Jan1842 |
Shah Shoja and De Facto British Rule (2nd time): Reinstated
by the British in Kabul after the capture of the city. Violent outbreaks
occur across the country in response to the British rule and their
puppet monarch. The British finding their position untenable open
talks about withdrawal with Akbar Khan (Dost Mohammad's son), but
the British envoy Sir William Hay Macnaghten was killed in 1841. On
Jan. 6, 1942, the British and their Indian support troops withdraw
from Kabul. Many were massacred outside the city by Afghans waiting
in ambush led by Kan Akbar (Dost Mohammed's son). Shah Shoja is killed
after British withdrawal. The country splits once again into local
khanates with no central authority. |
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Sep 1842-Oct 1842 |
Seizure of Kabul: British under Lord Ellenborough and General
Pollack lead a punitive force and retake Kabul but quickly evacuate
it after exacting harsh penalties. |
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1843- June 1863 |
Amir Dost Mohammed Khan Baraksay (2nd time): Returns to Kabul.
Began to reconsolidate his rule. Takes Kandahar in 1855, and Balkh
and the Northern Khanates in 1859 and Herat in 1863. Dies June 1963. |
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1845 |
Seizure of Herat: Ghürid princes revolt and seize Herat.
Recaptured by |
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30 March 1855 |
Treaty of Peshawar: Dost Mohammed and the British agree to
form an alliance against the Persians who are laying seige at Herat. |
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1855-1857 |
Second Seige of Herat and British-Persian War:
Persians lay seige on Herat upon the death of the local Ghürid
Prince. Eventually they seize Herat. British declare war and attack
the Persians regaining the city. After British Afghan forces control
Herat. |
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1857 |
Treaty of Paris: British sucesses impel the Persians into
the Treaty of Paris which renounces all claims on Herat and recognizes
Afghan independence. |
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1862-1863 |
Revolt of Herat: The Sultan of Herat leads a revolt against
Afghan rule but it is repressed by Dost Mohammed one year later. |
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June 1863-1866 |
Shir Ali Khan (3rd son, 1rst time): Draws nation closer
to Russia at the expense of the British. Deposed by elder brothers
who have British support. |
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1863-1869 |
Civil War: Between Shir Ali and his brothers |
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May 1866-Sep 1868 |
Afzal Khan (elder brother) and Azam Khan (elder brother):
Overthrow their younger brother. |
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September 1868 |
Shir Ali Khan (2nd time): Regains throne after defeating
his brothers in civil war. |
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1878-1880 |
Second Anglo-Afghan War: Shir Al Khan continuing his pro-Russian
stance recieves a Russian Mission but refuses to recieve a British
one. British attack from India. Leaving his son Yaqub as regent, he
travels to Russia to gain help. The Russians advise peace. Shir Ali
dies suddenly in Mazar-e Sharif in 21 Feb. 1879. |
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21 Feb 1879 - Nov 1879 |
Yaqub Khan (son) opted for peace with the British who occupy
much of the nation and signs the Treaty of Gandamak. |
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26 May 1879 |
Treaty of Gandamak: The treaty calls for a permanent British
Mission and that Afghanistan conduct foreign affairs with "the wishes
and advice" of the British government" and provides for British control
of the Khyber Pass. |
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3 Sep 1879 - 31 Oct 1879 |
Assassination of the Britsh Envoy to Kabul, Sir Luis Cavagnari,
and the reoccupation of Kabul by British forces. |
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Nov 1879 |
Yaqub Khan: Forced into exile in India by the British where
he dies in 1923 |
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24 Dec 1879 |
Musa Khan (son) interim |
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Mar 1880 |
Ayub Khan (Uncle) interim |
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Oct 1880-3 Oct 1901 |
Amir Abd al-Rahman Khan: (cousin, son of Afzal Khan) Returns
from exile in Central Asia and proclaims himself Amir of Kabul. The
British accept his government and withdraw in 1881. Oversees the drawing
of modern Afghan borders. Put down a myriad of rebellions and consolidated
his control and that of the Afghan Central Government. Considered
the founder of modern Afghanistan. Dies 3 Oct 1901. |
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April 1881 |
British Withdrawal. |
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1885 |
Panjeh Incident and Border Dispute: Border dispute between
Russia and Afghanistan flares with violent clashes between forces
in 1885. British and Russians negotiate a truce in 1886. The British
and Russians begin to negotiate the boundaries of modern day Afghanistan.
In affect Afghanistan was set to serve as a buffer between Tsarist
Russia and British India. |
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1893 |
Durand Line Agreement: Afghan and British negotiators set
the border between Afghanistan and British-controlled India. The area
between the Durand Line and the actual border of India is referred
to as ‘Free Tribal Territory’ under British sovereignty.
This inbetween area would be the subject of much quarrel between Afghanistan
and Pakistan in the 1950’s and 1960’s. |
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11 Mar 1895 |
Pamir Frontier Agreement: British, Afghan and Russian negotiators
set the modern border between Russia and Afghanistan. |
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3 Oct 1901-20 Feb 1919 |
Amir Habibullah I Khan (son): Designated by his father. His
friendship with the British keeps Afghanistan neutral during the World
War I despite intense pressure from the Ottomans. Assassinated by
anti-British forces at the end of the War. |
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21 Mar 1905 |
Friendship Agreement: Afghanistan enters into a new Friendship
Agreement with the British. |
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1907 |
British-Russian Entente: Russians and British hold a series
of meetings to increase and further regional understanding. |
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| 22.1 REIGN OF KING AMIR AMANULLAH
KHAN I (HOUSE OF BARAKSAY): LAST ANGLO-AFGHAN WAR |
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Feb 1919 - 14 Jan 1929 |
Amir Amanullah Khan (son, 1rst time): Seizes power
after a short struggle with his brother Nasrullah after his father's
death. Changed title to "padshah (king)" in 1923. Abdicates in favour
of his brother. |
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May 1919 |
Third and last Anglo-Afghan War: Resentful of British control
of Foreign Relations, Amanullah launches a Holy War against the British
calling for all British Muslims in India to arise against British
control. However, his early successes are soon halted and a stalemate
ensues. The war weary and stalemated British sue for peace. |
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1919 |
Treaty of Friendship with Bolshevik Russia: Before signing
the Treaty of Rawalpindi, the Afghan government enters into
a friendship treaty and becomes the first nation to recognize Bolshevik
Russia. |
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8 August 1919 |
Treaty of Rawalpindi: Afghans get complete Independence from
England, and formally gain the right to conduct their own foreign
relations. British foreign subsidies are ended. Treaty amended in
1921. |
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28 Feb 1921 |
Treaty of Friendship with Bolshevik Russia: |
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1 Mar 1921 |
Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with Turkey: |
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22 June 1921 |
Frontier Treaty and Treaty of Non-Agression with Soviet Russia:
The young government of Bolshevik Russia seeking to appease tensions
on its southern flank and gain cooperation, offers border concessions
to Afghanistan. The treaty cedes the Kushka District and areas along
the Amu-Darya and Panja Rivers to Afghanistan. |
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1923 |
New Constitution: King Amanullah enacts a progressive constitution.
Modelled on that of Ataturk's Turkey, it retains strong power in the
monarch as head of state while creating a new legislative assembly
(1/2 appointed, 1/2 elected). Many progressive reforms follow including
women’s rights, education reforms and progressive taxation. |
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10 June 1926 |
Treaty of Non-Agression and Neutrality with Soviet Russia: |
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27 Nov 1927 |
Treaty of Friendship and Security with Persia: |
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1928 |
Foreign Relations: Amanullah takes a prolonged foreign trip
establishing relations with European powers, Egypt and India. |
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28 May 1928 |
New Treaty of Friendship with Turkey: |
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| 22.2 CIVIL UNREST AND INSTABILITY
OVERTHROW OF KING AMANULLAH AND THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF BARAKSAY |
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Nov 1928- |
Civil War and Abdication of King Amanullah: Tribal jealosies
and religious conservatism against the liberal constitution lead to
a series of revolts thoughout the country. A Tajik folk hero
Bacha Saqqao (aka Bachai-I-Sakao, Bacceh Saqow) sacks and captures
Kabul, and establishes a rival government. Under increasing pressure,
Amanullah abdicates on 14 Jan 1928 in favour of his brother. |
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14 Jan-28 Jan 1929 |
Amir Inayatullah Khan and the Fall of the House of Baraksay
(brother): Inayatullah is given the throne by his brother Amanullah
who abdicates in his favour. He only lasts a few days before being
forced to abdicate to Bacha Saqqao, the Tajik usurper. |
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17 Jan-10 Oct 1929 |
Amir Habibullah II Ghazi ( Bacha Saqqao, usurper):
The Tajik folk-hero overthrows the House of Baraksay and usurps the
throne. However, his hold on much of the country is tenuous at best. |
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1929 |
Civil War: After the fall of the House of Baraksay, the country
is rife with civil unrest and a variety of pretenders emerge in different
regions. A large resistance loyal to the Baraksay Monarchy and led
by Prince Nadir Shah wages a major offensive against the Habibullah. |
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28 Jan 1929 - 15 Jul 1929 |
Ali Ahmad Khan (another pretender): |
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28 Jan 1929 - 23 May 1929 |
Amir Amanullah Khan (2nd time): When his brother fails to
retain the throne, he makes a last attempt to save it. However, he
fails to retrieve the throne and goes into exile in Italy. Dies in
1960 in Zurich. |
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3 Nov 1929 |
Assassination of Habibullah: The loyalist forces defeat Habibullah’s
Tajik forces after several months of bitter fighting. Habibullah flees
the palace on the approach of Nadir Shah’s forces on Oct 10 1929
in Kabul. He is caught and executed November 3 1929 in Kabul. |
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| 22.3 RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF THE HOUSE
OF BARAKSAY: REIGN OF KING NADIR SHAH |
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16 Oct 1929 - 8 Nov 1933 |
Mohammad Nadir Shah Ghazi and the Reestablishment
of the House of Baraksay (great-nephew of Dost Mohammad): When
the Baraksays are overthrown in January 1929, Prince Nadir Shah returns
to Afghanistan from Paris where he is serving as a minister of state.
He sets up a loyalist resistance and drives Habibullah II (the Tajik
usurper Bacha Saqqao) from the throne. He tries to restore Amanullah
to the throne, but public opinion pressesses for his own ascension.
He accepts and immediately backtracks on many of Amanullah’s
liberal reforms. This placates many conservative tribes. He follows
a foreign policy of neutrality and retains good relations with both
the United Kingdom and Soviet Russia. |
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14 Nov 1929 - May 1946 |
Mohammad Hashim Khan: Appointed Prime Minister by the new
King |
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1932 |
First Afghan Parliament and New Constitution: |
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1932 |
Rebellion of the Charkhi Clan: The Charkhi Clan, still loyal
to King Amanullah, plot to overthrow Nadir Shah. The King crushes
the plot and kills or imprisons much of the family. |
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1933 |
Rebellions in the Northwest and South: Several significant
local uprisings are put down by the King. |
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2 June 1933 |
Non-Agression Treaty with Soviet Russia: Russia signs and
on July 3 1933 ratifies a Non-Agression Treaty with Afghanistan, Estonia,
Latvia, Persia, Poland, Rumania and Turkey in an attempt to calm the
fears of its neighbors. |
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Nov 8 1933 |
Assassination of King Nadir Shah: The king is assassinated
in Kabul amid unclear circumstances. |
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| 22.4 THE REIGN OF KING MOHAMMAD
ZAHIR SHAH |
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8 Nov 1933 - 18 Jul, 1973 |
Mohammad Zahir Shah (son): Suceeds to the throne after
the assassination of his father. |
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27 Sept, 1934 |
Admission to the League of Nations: Afghanistan becomes the
48th member of the League. |
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1936 |
Relations with Japan: In a surprising move, the King calls
for closer relations and exchange with Tokyo as opposed to Europe,
citing the need to promote Oriental ties over Occidental ones. |
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20-24 June, 1938 |
Revolt of Shami Pir: Major Religious uprising in Waziristan
in the NE. Quickly put down by government. |
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1937-1938 |
Military Development: Afghanistan recieves military support
and training from the UK, Italy and Russia to increase its air power
and fighting capability. |
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8 July 1938 |
Treaty of Saadabad, Oriental Entente: A non-agression and
support pact is signed in Tehran’s Saadabad Castle between Afghanistan,
Turkey, Iran and Iraq to increase regional cooperation. This is in
line with the Afghan King’s call for greater Oriental-Middle
Eastern Cooperation. |
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16 Sept 1938 |
Recognition of the Italian Empire: Afghanistan recognises
Italy’s control over Abyssinia. |
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1939 |
Industrial Development: The king unveils plans to develop
the agricultural and mineral wealth of Afghanistan. He puts particular
evidence on cotton production and metals mining. |
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| 22.5 WORLD WAR II |
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Jan 1940 |
Preparations: Alarmed by the increasing global tensions,
the King implements a mandatory draft and announces plans to put Afghanistan
on a heightened footing in case of attack. |
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May 1940 |
Economic Development: The King announces the formation of
a joint stock company to oversee the processing and manufacture of
cotton goods. He also announces a major investment into sugar beets. |
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29 July 1940 |
Russian Trade Alliance: Afghanistan and Russia sign a major
trade deal promoting increased cooperation. |
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17 Aug 1940 |
Neutrality: The King proclaims Afghanistan’s neutrality
at the opening of the Parliament. He announces plans for increased
preparation against attack. |
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May 1941 |
Economic Development: The king announces further developments
in cotton textile manufacturing and sugar beet production. |
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22 June 1941 |
Soviet Russia Attacked by Germany: The German invasion of
Soviet Russia brings the war ever nearer to Afghanistan. On July 28,
1941, the King reaffirms Afghanistan’s neutrality in the conflict. |
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19 Oct 1941 |
Expulsion of the Axis Diplomatic Representatives: Under strong
pressure from both the UK and Russia, the King expels the diplomatic
representatives of Germany and Italy. He also reaffirms Afghanistan’s
neutrality. |
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Nov 1941 |
Neutrality again Reiterated: |
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28 Dec 1942 |
Renewal of the Saadabad Treaty: Despite the unusual situations
caused by the war, the signatories agree to continue the treaty and
seek regional cooperation. |
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5 June 1943 |
Appointment of Ambassador to USA: Afghanistan appoints its
first ambassador to the USA, Abdul Hussein Aziz. |
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5 Mar 1944 |
Friendship Treaty with China: Afghanistan signs a friendship
treaty with the Chinese government in Chungking. |
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1945 |
Aftermath of the War: Although not directly impacted by fighting
during WWII, the economy of Afghanistan is severely disrupted by lack
of trade and financial help from wealthier nations. |
|
| 22.6 POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS: PATHANISTAN
CONFRONTATION, RISE OF MOHAMMAD DAUD KHAN |
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May 1946 - 6 Sep 1953 |
Shah Mamud Khan: President appoints him Prime Minister. He
sanctions free elections, and the resultant democratic "Liberal Parliament"
functions from 1949-1952 |
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13 June 1946 |
Frontier treaty with the USSR: The much more powerful post-WWII
Russia seeks to reclaim lost territory and further buffers it borders.
Therefore, after Soviet pressure, a new frontier treaty is signed
in Moscow redemarcating the Soviet-Afghan border back to its pre-1921
limits (limits agreed with Tsarist Russia). The treaty recedes the
Kushka District back to the USSR. Bolshevik Russia had ceded it to
Afghanistan in 1921 to gain favour and cooperation during its formative
stages. |
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9 Nov 1946 |
Admission to the UN: Afghanistan is unanimously admitted
to the United Nations as the 54th member. Afghanistan had requested
admittance on July 5, 1946. |
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June-July 1947 |
Outbreak of the Pathanistan Affair—Conflict with Pakistan
and India: In what is to become a long running dispute, Afghanistan
on July 3, opens the first salvo in what will become known as the
Pathanistan Affair. Afghanistan, witnessing the independence developments
in British India/Pakistan, sends a letter to British and Indian officials.
The letter points out the desire of many hill tribes in the Northwest
Frontier and in Baluchistan to break away from India. It calls upon
the British to allow these groups to freely decide to associate themselves
with India or Afghanistan or seek independence. The Durand Line of
1893 demarcating the border had placed the Northwest Frontier area
known as Pathanistan on the Indian side in the status of a ‘Free
Tribal Territory’. Both India and Pakistan call upon Afghanistan
not to interefere in internal affairs. |
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June-July 1947 |
NW Frontier Referendum: In the lead up to the referendum,
there are calls by a prominent tribal elder and leader of the ‘Red
Shirts’, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, for a referendum on complete
independence for ‘Pathanistan’. Authorities in Pakistan
and India reject this idea. Khan then calls for a boycott of the referendum.
Pakistan sends 15,000 troops to the area to secure the peace. The
heavily Islamic NW Frontier province votes overwhelmingly for union
with Pakistan over India. However, due to the boycott, the turnout
is only 50%. The question of independence or union with Afghanistan
is not put on the ballot angering the Afghan government. The ‘Red
Shirts’ with support from Afghanistan seek to rebel. |
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|
15 August 1947 |
Formal Independence of Pakistan and India: With the independence
of Pakistan and India from the UK, the door is now wide opened for
lengthy border disputes especially in the Northwest Frontier Area. |
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Dec 1947 |
Withdrawal of Pakistani Troops from NW Frontier Province: In
an effort to reduce tensions between the Pakistan government and resident
tribes, Pakistan announces the withdrawal of military forces from
the NW Frontier Province (called Pathanistan by Afghans and Waziristan
by Pakistanis). Over 15,000 troops had been sent there to maintain
order during the 1947 referendum. Many troops remain however. |
|
|
March 1948 |
Gaffar Khan seeks NW Frontier Province Autonomy: Former pro-Afghan
Red Shirt leader and current national MP for the Northwest Frontier
Province, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, backtracks on his formerly strong
indepedence views and creates the new ‘Pakistan Peoples Party’.
He now calls for the NW Frontier Province to be an autonomous region
within the dominion of Pakistan. |
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29 Mar 1948 |
Upgrading in Relations with the UK: Afganistan and the UK
upgrade relations formally exchanging Ambassadors. |
|
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June 15 1948 |
Arrest of Gaffar Khan: Provincial government agents
arrest Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan and accuse him of conspiring with the
Waziri tribal leader, the Fakir of Ipi, to create mass disturbance
in the province. He is sentenced to three years. Many others are arrested. |
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|
July 8 1948 |
State of Emergency in the NW Frontier Province: The provincial
government implements emergency powers to govern the frontier and
prevent insurgency and unrest. A major military offensive is launched
against suspected rebels. Many arrests are carried out. Dr Khan Saheb,
Gaffar Khan’s brother and former premier of the Northwest Frontier
Province, is also arrested. |
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19 Aug 1948 |
Trade Treaty with the USSR: Afghanistan and the USSR sign
a major trading deal. Afghanistan exchanges wool for a wide variety
of Soviet goods including oil and gas. |
|
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16 Sep 1948 |
Banning of the Red Shirts: The pro-Afghan Red Shirt party
is banned by the Northwest Frontier Government. |
|
|
Mar-Apr 1949 |
Escalation of the Pathanistan Affair: With increased repression
against the Red Shirts and reports of atrocities against the Afghan
‘Pathan’ population of NW Pakistan, the Afghan government
launches a major war of invective against Pakistan. The Afghan government
calls for the right of self-determination for all groups in the NW
Frontier Province and Tribal Territories between the Durand line and
the Indus River. Afghanistan moves several armed divisions to the
Pakistani border in late March. On April 27, Afghan Prime Minister
Mahmud Khan threatens Pakistan with strong action if the atroctities
against the Pathans are not ceased. |
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|
12 June 1949 |
Pakistan Bombs Afghan Village: The Afghan village of Moghalai
was bombed by Pakistani planes killing 23 people and injuring 24.
The Pakistanis claim it was a mistake and agree to compensation. Pakistan
maintains that the planes were fired on first. |
|
|
June 1949 |
Pakistani and Afghan Allegations: Afghanistan accuses the
Pakistani government of supporting Agha Amin Jan (half-brother of
the former Afghan King Amanullah) in an attempt to seize the Afghan
throne. Pakistan accuses Afghanistan of supporting the subversive
activities of the Fakir of Ipi. Both countries deny the charges, but
the rhetoric is growing increasingly hostile. |
|
|
July 1949 |
United Kingdom backs Pakistan: The British government increasingly
alarmed over the growing unrest in the area supports Pakistans interpretation
of the 1893 Durand Line. |
|
|
20 Sep 1953 - 10 Mar 1963 |
Lt. Gen. Mohammad Daud Khan, (1rst time): Seizes the
government and the post of prime minister, and imposes conservative,
religious rule. Closes the border with Pakistan several times due
to border diputes over Pashtunistan. Increasingly allies Afghanistan
closely with the USSR although he also acquires US assistance. |
|
|
August 1961 |
Pashtunistan Affair: Pakistan closes the border over the
Pashtunistan affair (border dispute) forcing Afghanistan to ally even
closer to the USSR. |
|
|
10 March 1963 |
Dismissal of Prime Minister Daud Khan: Is dismissed by the
King after hardship caused by prolonged closure of the Pakistani Border
over the Pashtun Affair, and due to his convictions on social and
democratic reform which were opposed by the King. |
|
|
10 Mar 1963 |
Mohammad Yusof: Appointed Prime Minister |
|
|
March 1963 |
Pakistani Border Reopened |
|
|
1964 |
New Constitution: A new Constitution sets up an elected Parliament
|
|
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1965 |
Parliamentary Elections: |
|
|
24-29 Oct 1965 |
Mohammad Yusof (2): Appointed Prime Minister |
|
|
2 Nov 1965-11 Oct 1967 |
Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwai: Appointed Prime Minister |
|
|
May 1967 |
Natural Gas Agreement with USSR: The Soviets agree to import
natural gas from Northern Afghanistan via a large pipeline connecting
the two countries. This deal helps cement Soviet-Afghani ties. |
|
|
1 Nov 1967 - May 1971 |
Mohammad Nur Ahmad Etemadi |
|
|
1969 |
Elections |
|
|
1970-1973 |
Drought and Famine: Central and Northern Afghanistan experience
a devastating drought and resulting famine that claims the lives of
approximately 100,000 people. Worst hit is the central province of
Ghor. |
|
|
8 June 1971 - 6 Dec 1972 |
Dr Sharifi Abdul Zahir: Appointed Prime Minister.
He loses a vote of no-confidence in the Lower house after failing
to adequately deal with the worsening drought and resultant famine. |
|
|
Dec 7-10 1971 |
King and Prime Minister visit UK: The visit helps to further
ease relations between Afghanistan and its colonial ruler. |
|
|
March 14 1972 |
Prime Minister visits USSR: In meetings with Prime Minister
Kosygin, Afghan-Soviet friendship and cooperation is stressed with
particular attention on the successful natural gas pipeline venture. |
|
|
12 Dec 1972 - 17 Jul 1973 |
Dr Mohammad Musa Shafiq: Dr Musa Shafiq, the foreign Minister
since 1971, is elevated to the post of Prime Minister. |
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© 2001 by Kevin
Vang
Website by Ahmet Bektas
(web)
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